Public concern about misconduct in research first surfaced in the early 1980’s following reports of cases of egregious misbehavior.  One researcher republished under his own name dozens of articles previously published by others.  Other researchers in one way or another falsified or fabricated research results.  To make matters worse, it seemed as if research institutions sometimes ignored or deliberately covered up problems rather than investigate them.  Eventually Congress stepped in ad required Federal agencies and research institutions to develop research misconduct policies.