Beneficence
ˇMinimization of risks
ˇCompetent researchers using appropriate methods & design
ˇFavorable risks/benefits assessment
There must be some benefit to the research and the benefit must outweigh risks assumed by the subjects
Individual benefit vs. benefits to society at large
In recognizing autonomy of individual,  we recognize the right of a person to exercise choice in accepting risk
   -Debated by research ethicists that adhere to the medical model of    “do no harm” – person should not be asked to assume risk without prospect of    benefit
   - Respect for dignity and autonomy demand that individuals be allowed to make an alturistic choice.  (Phase I – Drug study = healthy volunteers testing    for adverse side effects)